Kauka Yang Hong

ʻO ka laparotomy maʻamau a me ka laparoscopic liʻiliʻi invasive ʻokiʻoki no ka maʻi maʻi ʻōpū, ka maʻi ʻaʻai kolonā, ka maʻi ʻaʻai rectal a me nā ʻōpū ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka laparoscopic radical gastrectomy (distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy), laparoscopic radical resection o ka maʻi maʻi colon (hemicolectomy akau, radical resection. o ka ma'i ma'i 'a'ai transverse, ka hemicolectomy hema, ka wehe 'ana o ka ma'i 'a'ai sigmoid, ka wehe 'ana i ka ma'i 'a'ai o ka rectal (sphincter-pserving surgery or Miles operation), a loa'a ka loa'a maika'i ma ka mālama 'ana i ka sphincter ha'aha'a a me ka pale 'ana o ke kino o ka ma'i 'a'ai rectal.